Underwater EMR: Float, Cut, Close - When (and When Not) to Dive

Treat underwater EMR (UWP) as a selective tool, not doctrine. We map when buoyancy and a smaller resection base solve access or safety problems, when risks or costs argue against it, and how to choose between EMR, UWP, and ESD using a simple 2025 algorithm. Delegates leave with tactics for bleeding control, conversion, and closure, plus report language and documentation checklists they can use immediately.

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